Here are three types of artificial methods to introduce DNA into cells:
Electroporation: A method that uses an electrical current to puncture microscopic holes through a cell's membrane so that DNA can enter the cell from the environment.
Protoplast Fusion: A method that exposes protoplasts to polyethylene glycol to increase the rate of fusion. The fusion of protoplasts allows the cytoplasmic membrane of both bodies to fuse to form a single cell that contains the genomes of both "parent cells."
Injection: There are two types of injection methods
a. Gene Gun: A device powered by a blank .22-caliber cartridge or compressed gas to fire tiny gold beads (covered with DNA) to a target cell.
b. Microinjection: DNA is inserted to a target cell with a glass micro-pipette having a tip diameter smaller that that of the cell or nucleus.
*Protoplast Fusion
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